Animals vs. Humans in Medical Experimentation Essay

For centuries mankind has experimented on animals for a number of different reasons. Early experimentation with animals was originally born out of curiosity but eventually became a necessity to find medicines to cure viruses and a myriad of illnesses. If not for the existence of animals, humans would be left to experiment on themselves at a high rate which would create a worldwide moral dilemma. Such a dilemma could be dictated based on the question of who should be chosen for experimentation; should it be a particular race or class of people? Animals commonly used in medical research are rats and chimpanzees. Over time these species have proven to be plentiful and they have exhibited the ability to sustain the various testing†¦show more content†¦Thanks to animal research, many diseases that once killed millions of people are now either treatable or curable. Animal testing has not only benefit humans, but animals as well. Some animal testing has lead to life saving and life extending treatments for many of the animals used for testing. A complete alternative to animal testing has yet to be discovered. The focus of animal research has been characterized by three criteria, The Three R’s. â€Å"’The Three Rs’ are reduction, replacement and refinement. Here in the US, research communities are committed to supporting techniques that reduce the number of higher species used, replace animals with other models wherever/whenever possible, and refine tests to ensure the most humane conditions possi ble.† (Trull 2). Scientists try to keep the animals from being harmed as much as possible. Every research laboratory is required to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, consisting of research experts, licensed vets and members of the public. This committee is in charge of reviewing and accepting the use of animals. They are also in charge of watching the care and use of those animals by studying the laboratories, keeping track of the programs and responding to any additional concerns. Those opposed to animal testing assume that theShow MoreRelated Biomedical research on animals Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesbladder failure, and lack of medical cures are all very serious problems that are killing people today. How can doctors learn more about these medical difficulties? Through animal testing doctors can obtain valid results regarding these medical problems and create cures for people with many other medical difficulties. The progression of medicine and the day to day life styles of the general population rely on the ethical practice of animal testing. The alternatives to animal testing are not very validRead MoreEthical Dillemma Commonly Experiences in the Arts and Science1199 Words   |  5 Pagesvalid definition of ethics in order to determine the factors of a situation that relate. Ethics are in a way the ‘rules’ that define what is or isn’t acceptable in a society based upon core values and beliefs that the society holds to be true (Ethi cs vs Morals). Therefore, furthering to relate to the proposed question, an ethical judgment is simply a judgment based upon the ethics of a situation. The majority of ethical judgments that are well-known throughout society have come about when a ‘rule’Read MoreEssay on Should Animal Experimentation Ever Be Permitted?1926 Words   |  8 Pagesperformed vivisection on animals for hundreds of years, and nowadays animal testing remains an essential element of research in medicine and pharmacology. Animal experimentation has generated heated discussions among scientists, philosophers, and politicians. This issue is very controversial, since it involves ethical questions. While it is generally accepted that testing cosmetics on animals is unnecessary and immoral, there is a debate concerning the use of animals for medical purposes. Our societyRead MoreThe Moral Equality Of Animals Vs Humans1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. Philosophers and activists have pushed this matter into debate among the general society in our culture. What exactly is moral equality for animals? Some say it is equal rights to animals, and others say it is equal consideration of the animal. To understand the scope of equality based on rights, one must unfold the determination of a right in itself. Carl CohenRead MoreAnimal Testing : No Harm, Only Benefits1710 Words   |  7 PagesPerales April 5, 2016 Animal Tests: No Harm, Only Benefits As the years have passed the human race has come across and discovered many different diseases. Many of the diseases were lethal due to the fact that there was no cure to be found. But as years went on our technology began to â€Å"evolve†, we found cures for what many would think are incurable. The practice of using animals in biomedical research has led to significant advances in the treatment of various diseases. Animals would be injected withRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing1728 Words   |  7 Pageswere captured by an unknown human. You start to rattle around your cage figuring out how to escape. About â€Å"twenty-five million and 30 million† animals are exploited in experiments; â€Å"half are only used through education† (Donna 7). â€Å"A 40% is applied in basic research, the 26% for drug development, a 20% are examined for products, and the 14% that is left is applied on education and miscellaneous† (Donna 5). The inhumane cruelty affects the innocent creatures. Animals should only be used for educationRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetic malfunctions. DNA cloning is, perhaps, the oldest of the three types of cloning with it being around since the 1970’s (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2009). This form of cloning is the most widely accepted form since it does not cross into the realm of human cloning which is one of the largest debates that exists. One of the things that DNA cloning can accomplish is curing genetic malfunctions, by placing a cloned copy of the correct gene into the body via a virus that will replicate in the body and thereRead MoreMedical Research Experiments1848 Words   |  7 Pagestreatment of those diseases? In some cases, unethical medical experiments were conducted to figure out how diseases were transmitted and the symptoms that people would present if they were ill with that particular disease. This would then lead the physicians t o observe how the disease would progress from beginning to end without any medical interventions, which often involved letting the person die. Then physicians might intervene with several medical interventions at different stages of the disease,Read MoreAnimal Cruelty: The Bloody War Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Cruelty; the Bloody War Let the voiceless speak. Animals have roamed the harsh lands and glided through the rough waters for approximately 510 million years, while humans have only been around for an estimated 200,000 years (Cain/Ramel). The earth had been the Animal Kingdom for about 509 million years until Homo sapiens started appearing, growing as fast as bacteria. They became a part of the food chain, on top; their minds were far more complex than most of the animals. They were ableRead MoreThe Use Of Non Human Tests Subjects For Experimentation And Research Studies3837 Words   |  16 PagesDefinition Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human test subjects for experimentation and research studies (2). This definition is very broad because it is used in numerous fields such as drug testing, brain functionality, effects of food additives, pesticides, DNA modification, xenotransplantation, cosmetic testing, cancer research, AIDs research and many more. Overall, animal testing is a professional conflict, but it can also be considered as a personal conflict

Wiretapping - 1150 Words

The Development amp; Use of Wiretapping in Society Ashton Planz 7/9/2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Development of Wiretapping 3 How is it Useful? 4 Where are we headed? 5 Where Do We Stand Now Though? 5 Bibliography 7 Introduction Technology is used for a wide variety of things on today’s society and has changed how we live our lives in many ways. Some technological advances are for the better and some for worse, some both. One example is wiretapping, a very controversial issue of today. Development of Wiretapping Since the use of telegraphs and the invention of the telephone, wiretapping has been a concern. When use of the modern telephone became widespread, so did wiretapping. Soon it became illegal for†¦show more content†¦The other side believes that yes, everyone is entitled to privacy but there are certain circumstances or situations in which it is okay for the government to take away this right. â€Å"The task is simple to explain but harder to achieve. If we do not incorporate adequate security measures in our computer and communications infrastructure, we risk being overwhelmed by external enemies. If we put an externally focused view of security ahead of all other concerns, we risk being overwhelmed by their misuse. We must find a set of rules and a mechanism for overseeing those rules that allows society to defend itself from its genuine enemies while keeping communication surveillance from stifling dissent, enforcing morality and invading privacy. If we do not, the right to use privacy –enhancing technology that was won in the 1990s will be lost again.† Where Do We Stand Now Though? In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a four year extension of the Patriot Act and also broadcasted his support for taping into Blackberries, Skype and other sources of Internet communication. â€Å"Obama administration has told Congress it supports renewing three provisions of the Patriot Act due to expire at year’s end, measures making it easier for the government to spy within the United States.† From 2009 to 2010 wiretapping has increased by 34%. At the federal level however government approved wiretapping has increased byShow MoreRelatedEthics of Wiretapping1104 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 7, 2015 ETHICS OF WIRETAPPING Since the First World War, government has been known to use private companies to wiretap phone lines for information. The legal structures, established by the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), have defined a framework for legally securing a warrant for searches and tapping into phone lines of the American populace. Sometimes the government uses warrantless wiretapping without proper authorization and it exposes telecommunicationsRead MoreNsa Wiretapping And The Nsa1119 Words   |  5 PagesRecent controversy has exposed one of the most heated and long-standing debates about the National Security Agency’s (NSA) warrantless wiretapping. Although that beginning of the program conducted by the NSA is unknown, it is easily assumed that the NSA has been practicing such surveillance activities for a long time, or as long as national security has been threatened. Nevertheless, the program started well before the tragic events that unfolded on September 11, 200 1, with the Bush administrationRead MoreNSA Wiretapping Essays1148 Words   |  5 Pageswhere the NSA has been operating their wiretapping agenda is in Bluff Dale, Utah the building sprawls 1,500,000 square feet and possess the capacity to hold as much as five zeta bytes of data it has cost almost $2,000,000,000. The act of spying over the USA citizens even though they are suspicious is a threat to the people’s privacy and the privacy of other countries’ members are being infringed on by the NSA by the act of wiretapping. The action of wiretapping violates laws for privacy, like the BillRead MoreThe Government is Wiretapping You1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthem doing dumb things is one thing but the government being dumb is another level. Truly everyone wants to be safe from terrorist attacks but it makes people feel a lot more threatened by the government peeking into their privacy. This kind of wiretapping is unnecessary and unreasonable. The invasion of privacy act in California Penal Code section 632.7,† prohibits the recording of a telephone call with someone using a mobile phone without first notifying the person that the call will be recorded†Read MoreThe Security Agencys Wiretapping Program2163 Words   |  9 PagesCambridge from June 2006. The workshop include the concern on â€Å"real world privacy, cryptography, multiparty computation, and traffic analysis† (Weis, 2006). Sun Microsystems’s Susan Landau also point out the issue on the US National Security Agency’s wiretapping program. This program create a concern on the privacy data. The concern is considering the usage on the privacy information is ethical or infringement to the individual privacy information (Weis, 2006). However, the influence from the Privacy enhancingRead MoreWiretapping And The Fourth Amendment Rights Of Criminals1559 Words   |  7 Pageshe was not forced to say anything incriminating, and did not vio late the Fourth Amendment because wiretapping is not considered search and seizure (which would require a physical search of a person’s belongings or possessions.) This event is important because it decided that wiretapping was legal and did not infringe on the Fourth or Fifth Amendment rights of criminals, effectively allowing wiretapping to be used in investigation and trial as evidence. In addition, it defined your Fourth AmendmentRead MoreWiretapping And Surveillance Laws On The United States1029 Words   |  5 PagesThe uses of wiretapping and surveillance have become extremely evident in the society we live in today. With issues of terrorism and foreign threat, the concern for the safety of American citizens is at an all-time high. Over the past 50 years, different amendments and acts have been passed to help regulate the use of wiretap and surveillance tactics, but perhaps the most significant of the bunches would be Title III, FISA, and the Patriot Act. These acts paved way to a safer feeling society, butRead MoreNational Security Agency Wiretapping : Legal Or Violation Of Civil Rights?1144 Words   |  5 PagesNational Security Agenc y Wiretapping: Legal or Violation of Civil Rights? Wiretapping American citizens on American soil without the required warrant is in direct contravention of our criminal statutes,† stated by Senator Russ Feingold; pertains to the unwarranted wiretapping of United States civilians suspected of terrorist affiliation (Feingold). The National Security Agency’s act of wiretapping the United States’ people is argued to be illegal and a violation of civil rights. However, underRead MoreNs The National Security Agency1262 Words   |  6 Pagesmost people imagine or would expect. â€Å"Modern wiretapping is about bits, switches, routers, and packets.† (Diffie 27 Sep. 2013) He goes on to explain that the government doesn’t listen to just any calls. â€Å"Interception of purely domestic communication within the country always requires a warrant.† (Diffie 27 Sep. 2013) The phone tapping that the NSA has been doing is apparently much different than it is made out to be. The NSA claims that while wiretap ping, they don’t listen to any conversations atRead MoreThe Rights Of Illegal Gambling Information From A Payphone Booth From The City Of Los Angeles1128 Words   |  5 PagesKatz was originally tried in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California (Katz v. United States Significance) where he was found guilty of the charges brought against him. However, Katz contested this ruling on the grounds that wiretapping a phone booth in a public space constituted unlawful violation of an individual’s privacy. The matter was appealed and taken to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which again upheld the ruling of the original court on the premise of a previous

External Reporting Incentives or Standards

Question: Discuss about the External Reporting for Incentives or Standards. Answer: Effects of Changes in the Financial Reporting Environment Financial reporting environment refers to the rules, policies and standards of financial reporting. In the recent past, many changes have taken place in the financial reporting environment and the effects of the changes in financial reporting environment can be clearly identified in the business world. Christensen et al. (2015) believe that the changes in financial reporting have made several improvements in the reporting standards like, more transparency, more accuracy in the measurements of the value of assets and liabilities. However, on the contrary, Leuz and Wysocki (2016) noted that due to the changes in financial reporting, several technical issues have taken place. The major technical issue that has taken place is the new accounting standards. For example, as per the new standards provided by Financial Accounting Standards Boards (FASB) and Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB), using the fair value method is essential while measuring the values of assets. However, using the fair value method does not provide any extra monetary benefit at the time of selling the assets because the assets are already measured at their current market price. On the other side, the changes in the exposure draft have created some confusion in the accountants of the companies. Many accountants cannot properly understand the actual requirements of new exposure draft provided by International Accounting Standard Board (Christensen et al. 2015). Financial reporting becomes more challenging for the companies. For example, in the new exposure draft, it has been mentioned that financial reports of the companies must include only the material information and immaterial information can decrease the usefulness of financial reports. Now, including all the material information is very difficult for the companies because sometimes for the future security companies need to keep some material information in secret. The changed environment of financial reporting in Australia is regulated by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), AASB and IFRS. As per the new guidelines and amendments provided by IFRS and FASB, it is mandatory for the companies to maintain the full disclosure principle during financial reporting. At the same time, the IFRS also mandated that while measuring the values of assets and liabilities, the companies need to follow the fair value method (IFRS.com, 2016). As per the AASB 101, the companies are divided into two tiers. The companies under tier 1, need to disclose all the material information in their financial reporting. However, the companies under tire 2 get some reduction in the disclosure requirements. As per AASB 132, the entities, which do not have equity capital, may have to adapt the presentation of the financial statements for the interests of the unit holders or members. As per AASB 116 and AASB 138, the changes in the values of plant and equipments and intangible assets are needed to be considered while ascertaining the comprehensive income (Aasb.gov.au, 2016). At the same time, the AASB 119 and AASB 121 have suggested to consider the employee benefits and changes in the foreign exchange rates at the time of determining the comprehensive income. The AASB and IASB have mentioned that the purpose of financial reporting is to represent the actual financial position and performance of the companies to their stakeholders and the other users in order to help them in taking economic decisions. Therefore, to comply with the new financial reporting environment, the companies need to adopt many changes in the financial reporting standards (Aasb.gov.au, 2016). However, the success or failure of the new accounting standards is influenced by the political activities. Here, the political activities do not refer to the activities done by the political parties, but it indicates the corporate governance of the companies. In order to get success in the business, it is essential to have strong corporate governance within the companies. However, the new accounting standards or financial reporting environment sometimes fails to identify the loopholes in the corporate governance in the companies and the case of Parmalat or Enron is the perfect example of that (Cblr.columbia.edu, 2016). The accounting regulations in Europe are considered as the strictest regulations in the world. However, the accounting regulations in Europe also failed to identify the corporate frauds the by the company. The company did the financial reporting in such a way so that nobody can understand the fraud. This type of political or corporate governance issue indicates that the accounting standards or financial reporting environment must provide some stricter guidelines to control the political influences and improve the financial reporting environment (Leuz Wysocki, 2016). Reference list: Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), 31-61. Leuz, C., Wysocki, P. D. (2016). The economics of disclosure and financial reporting regulation: Evidence and suggestions for future research.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), 525-622. IFRS.com. (2016). Ifrs.com. Retrieved 7 August 2016, from https://www.ifrs.com/ Aasb.gov.au. (2016). Aasb.gov.au. Retrieved 7 August 2016, from https://www.aasb.gov.au/ Cblr.columbia.edu. (2016). Cblr.columbia.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://cblr.columbia.edu/

Pauls Case By Willa Cather Essays - Willa Cather, Pauls Case, Cather

Paul's Case by Willa Cather ?Paul's Case? A Symbolic Perception Imagine being entrapped in a life that you did not feel you belonged in. That is the story of Paul in ?Paul's Case,? written by Willa Cather. He lived in a suburban home where everyone seemed the same and there was a feeling of despair. Paul, who was a young man, felt that his father, teachers and classmates misunderstood him and therefore were unworthy of his company. In the story there are many symbolic elements. Flowers, for instance, symbolize Paul's personality and life. The parallel between the boy and the flowers is made by the author many times throughout the short story. In the beginning of the story Paul has a meeting with the teachers of his school because he was misbehaving. For the meeting Paul shows up wearing ?clothes [that] were a trifle outgrown . . . [with] a red carnation in his buttonhole? (49). This shows his total disrespect for authority because he is going to get disciplined; and the teachers thought this ?was not properly significant of the contrite spirit befitting a boy under the ban of suspension? (49).? The flower he wore shows that he does not care about school or his teachers: his teachers felt ?that his whole attitude was symbolized by his shrug and his flippantly red carnation flower? (50). The principal also noted his conceit as he left the meeting and bowed which was described to be ?a repetition of the scandalous red carnation? (51). It is almost as if the flower is his strength and reminds him of his need to be with a different class of people. Paul worked as an usher at Carnegie Hall. This was the only place where he really felt himself unfold. He became lost in the music, plays, and art. While Paul was at home, he would dream about the life he believed himself to be living as ?a morbid desire for cool things and soft lights and fresh flowers? (55). To Paul, people who enjoyed having the presence of flowers seemed to be of a higher class above the rest. That is why he always wore a flower. He describes his neighbourhood, the people he despises to be, ?prosy men who never wore frock coats, or violets in their buttonholes (pg. 60).? He would dream about, ?the flowers he sent (pg. 60),? to members of the stock company who were his ?acquaintances.? Paul wants to be as the flowers, living to all of their extent, saturating in the beauty of life. While Paul was in New York City one of the first things he did was ?[ring] for the bell boy [to send] him down flowers? (62). He was living out his dreams. He was pleased with his surroundings and his style of living during his days in New York and expressed his ?dearest pleasure [was] . . . his enjoyment of his flowers? (66), and goes on to say that he couldn't remember a time of such bliss. He loved all forms of creative expression and was intrigued by, ?whole flower gardens blooming behind glass windows, against which the snowflakes stuck and melted; violets, roses, carnations, lilies of the valley-somehow vastly more lovely and alluring that they blossomed thus unnaturally in the snow.? (64) The flowers induce a happiness in Paul at the time of his greatest revolution. During the last days of his stay in New York, Paul feels that his status is becoming dead and useless as his money runs out. He begins to die inside as with his authority shown by the violets he wears in his buttonhole. Paul expresses the symbolism between his life and the flowers: